Our ability to monitor Earth’s dynamic systems is enabled by collecting measurements and data on oceans, biosphere, climate, and near-space. Such data allows the understanding of how climate has changed over time and how various events are attributed to climate change, the development of complex climate models by advanced computing, as well as the assessment of natural and human systems vulnerability to climate change scenarios, and the estimation of the impact of different climate control solutions, policies and strategies.

With a special focus on climate science and climate change, scientific area #1 targets the study, measurement, and modeling of the complex interactive system dynamics of climate, weather, biosphere, ocean, and near-space, taking its relations with human activities, to advance on sustainable mitigation and resilience solutions.